| 一、課程基本資料 Course Information | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 科目名稱 Course Title： (中文)知識論 (英文)EPISTEMOLOGY |
開課學期 Semester：110學年度第2學期 開課班級 Class：哲學二 |
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| 授課教師 Instructor：米建國 MI, CHIEN-KUO | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 科目代碼 Course Code：BPH26901 | 單全學期 Semester/Year：單 | 分組組別 Section： | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 人數限制 Class Size： | 必選修別 Required/Elective：必 | 學分數 Credit(s)：3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 星期節次 Day/Session： 二34E | 前次異動時間 Time Last Edited：111年01月10日20時01分 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 哲學系基本能力指標 Basic Ability Index | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 二、指定教科書及參考資料 Textbooks and Reference (請修課同學遵守智慧財產權，不得非法影印) |
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| ●指定教科書 Required Texts 1. Duncan Pritchard, Knowledge. (Manuscripts) 2. Some supplementary readings are required and will be assigned in class. ●參考書資料暨網路資源 Reference Books and Online Resources 請善加使用東吳大學外雙溪校區圖書館的「知識論」主題圖書資料庫 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 三、教學目標 Objectives | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Epistemology is the theory of knowledge. It has been occupying a very central position in philosophy since the ancient philosophy, and has even been regarded as the “first philosophy”since R. Descartes in the modern philosophy. In the contemporary development, Epistemology has a new face and a new focus. The theory of justification starts to rise in this subject and overwhelmingly dominates the main stage in the discussions of the subject. So, the nature of knowledge and the nature of justification naturally stand out as two main issues to which almost all philosophers interested in epistemology must pay attention. In this course, we will spend most of our time in pursuing the answers to the questions regarding “what is knowledge?” and “what is justification?”, and will also cover many related important problems and puzzles associating with the two main questions. In order to approach the central concerns in the issues, we will follow step by step the problems raised in the required textbook, Pritchard's Knowledge. Those problems will include: (1) What can we know? This is an introductory question, and with this question we will be familiar with some important and basic concepts and terminology involved in epistemology. (2) Can we really know? This is a skeptical question, and following this question we will learn some skeptical tradition as well as modern skepticism. (3) How can we know the external world? This is a traditional question and the most important question in modern philosophy. We will discuss how the modern philosophers dealt with the concept of “perception” and shed light on the question. (4) What is knowledge? We will start with the traditional analysis and introduce the Gettier problem. (5) What is Justification? We will go through the contemporary discussions with respect to the issue of justification and the foundationalism/coherentism and internalism/externalism debates. |
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| Epistemology is the theory of knowledge. It has been occupying a very central position in philosophy since the ancient philosophy, and has even been regarded as the “first philosophy”since R. Descartes in the modern philosophy. In the contemporary development, Epistemology has a new face and a new focus. The theory of justification starts to rise in this subject and overwhelmingly dominates the main stage in the discussions of the subject. So, the nature of knowledge and the nature of justification naturally stand out as two main issues to which almost all philosophers interested in epistemology must pay attention. In this course, we will spend most of our time in pursuing the answers to the questions regarding “what is knowledge?” and “what is justification?”, and will also cover many related important problems and puzzles associating with the two main questions. In order to approach the central concerns in the issues, we will follow step by step the problems raised in the required textbook, Pritchard's Knowledge. Those problems will include: (1) What can we know? This is an introductory question, and with this question we will be familiar with some important and basic concepts and terminology involved in epistemology. (2) Can we really know? This is a skeptical question, and following this question we will learn some skeptical tradition as well as modern skepticism. (3) How can we know the external world? This is a traditional question and the most important question in modern philosophy. We will discuss how the modern philosophers dealt with the concept of “perception” and shed light on the question. (4) What is knowledge? We will start with the traditional analysis and introduce the Gettier problem. (5) What is Justification? We will go through the contemporary discussions with respect to the issue of justification and the foundationalism/coherentism and internalism/externalism debates. |
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| 四、課程內容 Course Description | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ●整體敘述 Overall Description 當代知識論的發展，是以Gettier難題為核心的主流發展，而其所著重的焦點議題，很自然地投射在「知識的本質」或「知識的定義」這些問題之上。Post-Gettier的知識論，在Gettier難題的引領之下，知識論學者開始進行對於這個難題的分析與診斷，並試圖提出可能的問題解決（problem-solving）途徑。在各種不同的問題解決途徑中，我們可以觀察到兩個主要的對立陣營：知識論的內在論對上知識論的外在論（epistemological internalism vs. epistemological externalism）。這種理論上的對峙情勢，十分類似於近代笛卡兒以來，理性主義與經驗主義的對立，只是當代的焦點議題和近代的焦點議題有所不同。 在哲學史中，不同時期的知識論發展，各自有其不同關心的議題，也各自有其不同的問題意識。理性主義與經驗主義之對恃，主要爭論的議題是有關「知識的來源」問題，理性主義認為人類知識主要的來源在於理性，而經驗主義則強調經驗才是人類知識獲得的來源所在。另外，著名的基礎論與融貫論之爭（也許還可以加上無限論的主張），爭論的焦點在於「知識（或信念）的結構」這個議題，傳統基礎論者把人類的知識或信念了解為像建築物一般（例如金字塔），強調知識必須建立在一些基礎穩固與清晰明辨的信念之上，而後續出現的融貫論者則把人類的知識比喻為一種「信念之網」，強調知識信念之間的融貫一致。這些哲學理論的對峙與爭論，各自有其背後的問題意識，也各自有其問題解決之道。 此外，針對「知識的範圍」或「知識的可能性」這個議題，有所謂的「懷疑的難題」（the skeptical problem），而問題解決的不同途徑，可以區分為懷疑論與反懷疑論這兩個主要的對立陣營。針對「知識的價值」這個議題，有所謂的「價值的難題」（the value problem），而問題解決的各種可能途徑，也可以區別為實踐的進路（practical approach）與知態的進路（epistemic approach）。如果再加上先前討論有關「知識的本質」或「知識的定義」這個議題，我們就同時面對了當代知識論的三大議題。簡單來說，「知識的本質難題」、「知識的價值難題」與「知識的懷疑難題」是當代知識論的三大問題意識，任何一個足以令人滿意的知識理論，都必須面對這三大難題，提出一個同時能解決這三大難題的合理途徑。 當代的知識論之旅，是個充滿問題意識的思想之旅。尋求問題解決的途徑，是這個旅途的終極目標。當然，這個旅途充滿著各種不同的驚奇與困惑，哲學家帶著各自的思想武器，透過分析、理解與論證，探索各種可能的進路。也許，真理就在不遠的盡頭。也許，這個里程根本沒有終點。無論如何，我們最少可以抱持一種態度：或者如孔子所說，「知之為知之，不知為不知，是知也。」或許如蘇格拉底所言，「我唯一知道的是，我一無所知。」 |
●分週敘述 Weekly Schedule
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| 五、考評及成績核算方式 Grading | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| 六、授課教師課業輔導時間和聯絡方式 Office Hours And Contact Info | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ●課業輔導時間 Office Hour 12:30pm ~14:30pm, Tuesday & Wednesday, and/or by appointments. |
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●聯絡方式 Contact Info
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| 七、教學助理聯絡方式 TA’s Contact Info | |||||||||
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| 八、建議先修課程 Suggested Prerequisite Course | |||||||||
| 1. 大一邏輯與邏輯問題討論 2. 哲學概論 3. 西洋哲學史 | |||||||||
| 九、課程其他要求 Other Requirements | |||||||||
| 1. 要求出席率 2. 要求準時上課 3. 英文能力將是最基本與最重要的要求 | |||||||||
| 十、學校教材上網、數位學習平台及教師個人網址 University’s Web Portal And Teacher's Website | |||||||||
| 學校教材上網網址 University’s Teaching Material Portal： 東吳大學Moodle數位平台：http://isee.scu.edu.tw |
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| 學校數位學習平台 University’s Digital Learning Platform： ☐東吳大學Moodle數位平台：http://isee.scu.edu.tw ☐東吳大學Tronclass行動數位平台：https://tronclass.scu.edu.tw | |||||||||
| 教師個人網址 Teacher's Website： | |||||||||
| 其他 Others： | |||||||||
| 十一、計畫表公布後異動說明 Changes Made After Posting Syllabus | |||||||||